Lijst met elektronenaffiniteiten

In onderstaande lijst is de elektronenaffiniteit van de elementen en een aantal meer-atomige deeltjes weergegeven.

Elementen

† In 2025 bleek dat elektronaffiniteit ook gevoelig is voor kwantum-effecten,^[1] wat een herziening van de met een "†" gemerkte waarden tot gevolg kan hebben. De herziening heeft een verlaging met ongeveer 20 μeV (2 J/mol) tot gevolg.

Z	Element	Naam	Elektronaffiniteit (eV)	Elektronaffiniteit (kJ/mol)	Referentie
1	¹H	Waterstof	0,754 195(19)	72,769(2)	^[2]
1	²H	Deuterium	0,754 67(4)	72,814(4)	^[3]
2	He	Helium	−0,5(2)	−48(20)	Geschat^[4]
3	Li	Lithium	0,618 049(22)	59,632 6(21)	^[5]
4	Be	Beryllium	−0,5(2)	−48(20)	Geschat^[4]
5	B	Boor	0,279 723(25)	26,989(3)	^[6]
6	¹²C	Koolstof	1,262 122 6(11)	121,776 3(1)	^[6]
6	¹³C	Koolstof	1,262 113 6(12)	121,775 5(2)	^[7]
7	N	Stikstof	−0,07	−6,8	^[4]
8	¹⁶O	Zuurstof	1,461 112 97(9)	140,975 970(9)	^[8]
8	¹⁷O	Zuurstof	1,461 108(4)	140,975 5(3)	^[9]
8	¹⁸O	Zuurstof	1,461 105(3)	140,975 2(3)	^[9]
9	F	Fluor	3,401 189 8(24)	328,164 9(3)	^[10]^[11]
10	Ne	Neon	−1,2(2)	−116(19)	Geschat^[4]
11	Na	Natrium	0,547 926(25)	52,867(3)	^[12]
12	Mg	Magnesium	−0,4(2)	−40(19)	Geschat^[4]
13	Al	Aluminium	0,432 83(5)	41,762(5)	^[13]
14	Si	Silicium	1,389 521 2(8)	134,068 4(1)	^[14]
15	P	Fosfor	0,746 609(11)	72,037(1)	^[15]
16	³²S	Zwavel	2,077 104 2(6)	200,410 1(1)	^[14]
16	³⁴S	Zwavel	2,077 104 5(12)	200,410 1(2)	^[16]
17	Cl	Chloor	3,612 725(28)	348,575(3)	^[17]
18	Ar	Argon	−1,0(2)	−96(20)	Geschat^[4]
19	K	Kalium	0,501 459(13)	48,383(2)	^[18]
20	Ca	Calcium	0,024 55(10)	2,37(1)	^[19]
21	Sc	Scandium	0,179 380(23)^†	17,307 6(22)	^[20]
22	Ti	Titanium	0,075 54(5)^†	7,289(5)	^[21]
23	V	Vanadium	0,527 66(20)^†	50,911(20)	^[22]
24	Cr	Chroom	0,675 928(27)^†	65,217 2(26)	^[20]
25	Mn	Mangaan	−0,5(2)	−50(19)	Geschat^[4]
26	Fe	IJzer	0,153 236(35)^†	14,785(4)	^[23]
27	Co	Kobalt	0,662 255(47)^†	63,897 9(45)	^[24]
28	Ni	Nikkel	1,157 16(12)	111,65(2)	^[25]
29	Cu	Koper	1,235 78(4)	119,235(4)	^[26]
30	Zn	Zink	−0,6(2)	−58(20)	Geschat^[4]
31	Ga	Gallium	0,301 166(15)^†	29,058 1(15)	^[27]
32	Ge	Germanium	1,232 676 4(13)	118,935 2(2)	^[28]
33	⁷⁵As	Arseen	0,804 486(3)	77,621 1(3)	^[1]
34	Se	Seleen	2,020 604 7(12)	194,958 7(2)	^[29]
35	Br	Broom	3,363 588(3)	324,536 9(3)	^[10]
36	Kr	Krypton	−1,0(2)	−96(20)	Geschat^[4]
37	Rb	Rubidium	0,485 916(21)	46,884(3)	^[30]
38	Sr	Strontium	0,052 06(6)	5,023(6)	^[31]
39	Y	Yttrium	0,311 29(22)^†	30,035(21)	^[20]
40	Zr	Zirkonium	0,433 28(9)^†	41,806(9)	^[32]
41	Nb	Niobium	0,917 40(7)^†	88,516(7)	^[33]
42	Mo	Molybdeen	0,747 23(8)^†	72,097(8)	^[20]
43	Tc	Technetium	0,55(20)	53(20)	Geschat^[34]
44	Ru	Ruthenium	1,046 27(2)^†	100,950(3)	^[20]
45	Rh	Rodium	1,142 89(20)	110,27(2)	^[25]
46	Pd	Palladium	0,562 14(12)	54,24(2)	^[25]
47	Ag	Zilver	1,304 47(3)	125,862(3)	^[26]
48	Cd	Cadmium	−0,7(2)	−68(20)	Geschat^[4]
49	In	Indium	0,383 92(6)	37,043(6)	^[35]
50	Sn	Tin	1,112 070(2)	107,298 4(3)	^[36]
51	Sb	Antimony	1,047 401(19)	101,059(2)	^[37]
52	Te	Telluur	1,970 875(7)	190,161(1)	^[38]
53	¹²⁷I	Jodium	3,059 046 5(37)	295,153 1(4)	^[39]
53	¹²⁸I	Jodium	3,059 052(38)	295,154(4)	^[40]
54	Xe	Xenon	−0,8(2)	−77(20)	Geschat^[4]
55	Cs	Cesium	0,4715983(38)	45,5023(4)	^[41]
56	Ba	Barium	0,144 62(6)	13,954(6)	^[42]
57	La	Lanthaan	0,557 546(20)^†	53,795(2)	^[43]
58	Ce	Cerium	0,600 160(27)^†	57,906 7(26)	^[44]
59	Pr	Praseodymium	0,109 23(46)^†	10,539(45)	^[45]
60	Nd	Neodymium	0,097 49(33)^†	9,406(32)	^[45]
61	Pm	Promethium	0,129	12,45	^[46]
62	Sm	Samarium	0,162	15,63	^[47]
63	Eu	Europium	0,116(13)	11,2(13)	^[47]
64	Gd	Gadolinium	0,212(30)^†	20,5(29)	^[20]
65	Tb	Terbium	0,131 31(80)^†	12,670(77)	^[45]
66	Dy	Dysprosium	0,015(3)	1,45(30)	^[48]
67	Ho	Holmium	0,338	32,61	^[46]
68	Er	Erbium	0,312	30,10	^[46]
69	Tm	Thulium	1,029(22)	99(3)	^[49]
70	Yb	Ytterbium	−0,02	−1,93	Geschat^[34]
71	Lu	Lutetium	0,238 8(7)^†	23,04(7)	^[50]
72	Hf	Hafnium	0,178 0(7)^†	17,18(7)	^[51]
73	Ta	Tantaal	0,328 859(23)^†	31,730 1(22)	^[20]
74	W	Wolfraam	0,816 500(82)^†	78,780 3(80)	^[20]
75	Re	Renium	0,060 396(64)^†	5,827 3(62)	^[52]
76	Os	Osmium	1,077 661(24)^†	103,978 5(24)	^[20]
77	Ir	Iridium	1,564 057(12)^†	150,908 6(12)	^[53]
78	Pt	Platina	2,125 10(5)	205,041(5)	^[54]
79	Au	Goud	2,308 610(25)	222,747(3)	^[55]
80	Hg	Kwik	−0,5(2)	−48(20)	Geschat^[4]
81	Tl	Thallium	0,320 053(19)	30,880 4(19)	^[56]
82	Pb	Lood	0,356 721(2)	34,418 3(3)	^[57]
83	Bi	Bismut	0,942 362(13)	90,924(2)	^[58]
84	Po	Polonium	1,40(7)	136(7)	Berekend^[59]
85	At	Astaat	2,415 78(7)	233,087(8)	^[60]
86	Rn	Radon	−0,7(2)	−68(20)	Geschat^[4]
87	Fr	Francium	0,486	46,89	Geschat^[61]^[34]
88	Ra	Radium	0,10	9,648 5	Geschat^[62]^[34]
89	Ac	Actinium	0,35	33,77	Geschat^[34]
90	Th	Thorium	0,607 69(6)^†	58,633(6)	^[63]
91	Pa	Protactinium	0,55	53,03	Geschat^[64]
92	U	Uranium	0,314 97(9)^†	30,390(9)	^[65]
93	Np	Neptunium	0,48	45,85	Geschat^[64]
94	Pu	Plutonium	−0,50	−48,33	Geschat^[64]
95	Am	Americium	0,10	9,93	Geschat^[64]
96	Cm	Curium	0,28	27,17	Geschat^[64]
97	Bk	Berkelium	−1,72	−165,24	Geschat^[64]
98	Cf	Californium	−1,01	−97,31	Geschat^[64]
99	Es	Einsteinium	−0,30	−28,60	Geschat^[64]
100	Fm	Fermium	0,35	33,96	Geschat^[64]
101	Md	Mendelevium	0,98	93,91	Geschat^[64]
102	No	Nobelium	−2,33	−223,22	Geschat^[64]
103	Lr	Lawrencium	−0,31	−30,04	Geschat^[64]
111	Rg	Röntgenium	1,565	151,0	Berekend^[66]
113	Nh	Nihonium	0,69	66,6	Berekend^[67]
115	Mc	Moscovium	0,366	35,3	Berekend^[67]
116	Lv	Livermorium	0,776	74,9	Berekend^[67]
117	Ts	Tennessine	1,719	165,9	Berekend^[67]
118	Og	Oganesson	0,080(6)	7,72(58)	Berekend^[68]
119	Uue	Ununennium	0,662	63,87	Berekend^[61]
120	Ubn	Unbinilium	0,021	2,03	Berekend^[69]
121	Ubu	Unbiunium	0,57	55	Berekend^[34]

Moleculen

De elektronenaffiniteiten, E_ea, van een aantal moleculaire deeltjes zijn in onderstaande tabel weergegeven, gesorteerd op massa van de deeltjes. Door Rienstra-Kiracofe etal is een meer uitgebreide lijst samengesteld.^[70]. De elektronenaffiniteit van de radicalen ${\ce {OH}}$ en ${\ce {SH}}$ zijn van alle moleculaire affiniteiten het nauwkeurigst bekend.

Molecuul	Naam	Massa	E_ea (eV)	E_ea (kJ/mol)	Referenties
Di-atomaire deeltjes
¹⁶OH	Hydroxyl	17,0068	1,827 6488(11)	176,3413(2)	^[71]
¹⁶OD		18,0131	1,825 53(4)	176,137(5)	^[72]
C₂	Dikoolstof	24,0000	3,269(6)	315,4(6)	^[73]
CN	Cyanoradicaal	26,0067	3,862(4)	372,6263	^[74]
BO	Boor(II)oxide	26,8100	2,508(8)	242,0(8)	^[75]
NO	Stikstofmonoxide	30,0057	0,026(5)	2,5(5)	^[76]
O₂	Dizuurstof	31,9980	0,450(2)	43,42(20)	^[77]
³²SH	Sulfhydryl	32,9799	2,314 7283(17)	223,3373(2)	^[78]
F₂	Difluor	37,9968	3,08(10)	297(10)	^[79]
LiCl	Lithiumchloride	42,3940	0,593(10)	57,2(10)	^[80]
Cl₂	Dichloor	70,9060	2,35(8)	227(8)	^[79]
FeO	IJzer(II)oxide	71,8440	1,4950(5)	144,25(6)	^[81]
Br₂	Dibroom	159,8080	2,53(8)	244(8)	^[79]
IBr	joodmonobromide	206,8085	2,512(3)	242,4(4)	^[82]
I₂	Di-jood	253,8090	2,524(5)	243,5(5)	^[83]
Tri-atomaire deeltjes
NO₂	Stikstofdioxide	46,0047	2,273(5)	219,3(5)	^[84]
O₃	Ozon	47,9970	2,1028(25)	202,89(25)	^[85]
SO₂	Zwaveldioxide	63,9701	1,107(8)	106,8(8)	^[86]
Grotere poly-atomaire deeltjes
CH₂CHO	Vinyloxy	43,0225	1,8248(+2-6)	176,07(+3-7)	^[87]
C₆H₆	Benzeen	78,0470	−0,70(14)	−68(14)	^[88]
C₆H₄O₂	1,4-Benzochinon	108,0293	1,860(5)	179,5(6)	^[89]
BF₃	Boortrifluoride	67,8062	2,65(10)	256(10)	^[90]
HNO₃	Salpeterzuur	63,0115	0,57(15)	55(14)	^[79]
CH₃NO₂	Nitromethaan	61,0282	0,172(6)	16,6(6)	^[91]
POCl₃	Fosforylchloride	153,3318	1,41(20)	136(20)	^[92]
SF₆	Zwavelhexafluoride	145,9625	1,03(5)	99,4(49)	^[93]
C₂(CN)₄	Tetracyano-etheen	128,0268	3,17(20)	306(20)	^[94]
WF₆	Wolfraam(VI)fluoride	297,8304	3,5(1)	338(10)	^[95]
UF₆	Uraniumhexafluoride	352,0204	5,06(20)	488(20)	^[96]
C₆₀	Buckminsterfullereen	720,0000	2,6835(6)	258,92(6)	^[97]

Tweede en derde electronenaffiniteit

Ter vergelijking is ook de eerste elektronenaffiniteit voor de vermelde ionen opgenomen.

Z	Element	Name	Electron affinity (eV)	Electron affinity (kJ/mol)	Referentie
7	N	Stikstof	−0,07	−6,8	^[4]
7	N⁻		-6,98	-673	^[98]
7	N²⁻		-11,09	-1070	^[98]
8	¹⁶O	Zuurstof	1,461 112 97(9)	140,975 970(9)	^[8]
8	¹⁷O		1,461 108(4)	140,975 5(3)	^[9]
8	O⁻		-7.71	-744	^[98]
15	P	Fosfor	0,746 609(11)	72,037(1)	^[15]
15	P⁻		-4,85	-468	^[98]
15	P²⁻		-9,18	-886	^[98]
16	³²S	Zwavel	2,077 104 2(6)	200,410 1(1)	^[14]
16	³⁴S		2,077 104 5(12)	200,410 1(2)	^[16]
16	S⁻		-4,73	-456	^[98]
33	⁷⁵As	Arseen	0,804 486(3)	77,621 1(3)	^[1]
33	As⁻		-4,51	-435	^[98]
33	As²⁻		-8,31	-802	^[98]
34	Se	Seleen	2,020 604 7(12)	194,958 7(2)	^[29]
34	Se⁻	Seleen	-4,25	-410	^[98]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

Dit artikel of een eerdere versie ervan is een (gedeeltelijke) vertaling van het artikel Electron affinity (data page) op de Engelstalige Wikipedia, dat onder de licentie Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen valt. Zie de bewerkingsgeschiedenis aldaar.

↑ ^a ^b ^c Blondel, C.; Drag, C. (2025). Quantum Offset of Velocity Imaging-Based Electron Spectrometry and the Electron Affinity of Arsenic. Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, pag.: 043001. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.043001.
↑ Lykke, K.R.; Murray, K.K.; Lineberger, W.C. (1991). Threshold Photodetachment of H⁻. Phys. Rev. A 43 (11), pag.: 6104–7. PMID: 9904944. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.43.6104.
↑ Beyer M. & Merkt F. (2018). "Communication: Heavy-Rydberg states of HD and the electron affinity of the deuterium atom". J. Chem. Phys. 149, 031102 DOI:10.1063/1.5043186
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Bratsch, S.G.; Lagowski, J.J. (1986). Predicted stabilities of monatomic anions in water and liquid ammonia at 298.15 K.. Polyhedron 5 (11), pag.: 1763–1770. DOI: 10.1016/S0277-5387(00)84854-8.
↑ Haeffler, G.; Hanstorp, D.; Kiyan, I.; Klinkmüller, A.E.; Ljungblad, U.; Pegg, D.J. (1996). Electron affinity of Li: A state-selective measurement. Phys. Rev. A 53 (6), pag.: 4127–31. PMID: 9913377. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.53.4127.
↑ ^a ^b Scheer, M.; Bilodeau, R.C.; Haugen, H.K. (1998). Negative ion of boron: An experimental study of the ³P ground state. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (12), pag.: 2562–65. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.2562.
↑ Bresteau, D.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2016). Isotope shift of the electron affinity of carbon measured by photodetachment microscopy. Phys. Rev. A 93 (1), pag.: 013414. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.93.013414.
↑ ^a ^b Kristiansson, M.K.; Chartkunchand, K.; Eklund, G. (2022). High-precision electron affinity of oxygen. Nat Commun 13 (1), pag.: 5906. PMID: 36207329. PMC: 9546871. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33438-y.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Blondel, C.; Delsart, C.; Valli, C.; Yiou, S.; Godefroid, M.R.; Van Eck, S. (2001). Electron affinities of ¹⁶ O, ¹⁷ O, ¹⁸ O, the fine structure of ¹⁶O⁻, and the hyperfine structure of ¹⁷O⁻.. Phys. Rev. A 64 (5), pag.: 052504. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.64.052504.
↑ ^a ^b Blondel, C.; Cacciani, P.; Delsart, C.; Trainham, R. (1989). High Resolution Determination of the Electron Affinity of Fluorine and Bromine using Crossed Ion and Laser Beams. Phys. Rev. A 40 (7), pag.: 3698–3701. PMID: 9902584. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.40.3698.
↑ Blondel, C.; Delsart, C.; Goldfarb, F. (2001). Electron spectrometry at the μeV level and the electron affinities of Si and F. Journal of Physics B 34, pag.: L281–88. DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/34/9/101.
↑ Hotop, H.; Lineberger, W.C. (1985). Binding energies in atomic negative ions. II. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14 (3), pag.: 731. DOI: 10.1063/1.555735.
↑ Scheer, M.; Bilodeau, R.C.; Thøgersen, J.; Haugen, H.K. (1998). Threshold Photodetachment of Al⁻: Electron Affinity and Fine Structure. Phys. Rev. A 57 (3), pag.: R1493–96. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.57.R1493.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Chaibi, W.; Peláez, R.J.; Blondel, C.; Drag, C.; Delsart, C. (2010). Effect of a magnetic field in photodetachment microscopy. Eur. Phys. J. D 58 (1), pag.: 29. DOI: 10.1140/epjd/e2010-00086-7.
↑ ^a ^b Peláez, R.J., Blondel, C., Vandevraye, M., Drag, C., Delsart, C. (2011). Photodetachment microscopy to an excited spectral term and the electron affinity of phosphorus. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44 (19). DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/44/19/195009.
↑ ^a ^b Carette, T.; Drag, C.; Scharf, O.; Blondel, C.; Delsart, C.; Fischer, C. (2000). F. & Godefroid M. (2010). Isotope shift in the sulfur electron affinity: Observation and theory. Phys. Rev. A 81, pag.: 042522. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.81.042522.
↑ Berzinsh, U.; Gustafsson, M.; Hanstorp, D.; Klinkmüller, A.; Ljungblad, U.; Martensson-Pendrill, A.M. (1995). Isotope shift in the electron affinity of chlorine. Phys. Rev. A 51 (1), pag.: 231–238. PMID: 9911578. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.51.231.
↑ Andersson, K.T.; Sandstrom, J.; Kiyan, I.Y.; Hanstorp, D.; Pegg, D.J. (2000). Measurement of the electron affinity of potassium. Phys. Rev. A 62 (2), pag.: 022503. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.62.022503.
↑ Petrunin, V.V.; Andersen, H.H.; Balling, P.; Andersen, T. (1996). Structural Properties of the Negative Calcium Ion: Binding Energies and Fine-structure Splitting. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (5), pag.: 744–47. PMID: 10061539. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.744.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Ning, Chuangang; Lu, Yuzhu (2022). Electron Affinities of Atoms and Structures of Atomic Negative Ions. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 51 (2), pag.: 021502. DOI: 10.1063/5.0080243.
↑ Tang, R.; Fu, X.; Ning, C. (2018). Accurate electron affinity of Ti and fine structures of its anions. J. Chem. Phys. 149 (13), pag.: 134304. PMID: 30292212. DOI: 10.1063/1.5049629.
↑ Fu, X.; Luo, Z.; Chen, X.; Li, J.; Ning, C. (2016). Accurate electron affinity of V and fine-structure splittings of V⁻ via slow-electron velocity-map imaging. J. Chem. Phys. 145 (16), pag.: 164307. PMID: 27802620. DOI: 10.1063/1.4965928.
↑ Chen, X.; Luo, Z.; Li, J.; Ning, C. (2016). Accurate Electron Affinity of Iron and Fine Structures of Negative Iron ions. Sci. Rep. 6, pag.: 24996. PMID: 27138292. PMC: 4853736. DOI: 10.1038/srep24996.
↑ Chen, X.; Ning, C. (2016). Accurate electron affinity of Co and fine-structure splittings of Co⁻ via slow-electron velocity-map imaging. Phys. Rev. A 93 (5), pag.: 052508. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.93.052508.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Scheer, M.; Brodie, C.A.; Bilodeau, R.C.; Haugen, H.K. (1998). Laser spectroscopic measurements of binding energies and fine-structure splittings of Co⁻, Ni⁻, Rh⁻, and Pd⁻.. Phys. Rev. A 58 (3), pag.: 2051–62. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.58.2051.
↑ ^a ^b Bilodeau, R.C.; Scheer, M.; Haugen, H.K. (1998). Infrared Laser Photodetachment of Transition Metal Negative Ions: Studies on Cr⁻, Mo⁻, Cu⁻, and Ag⁻. Journal of Physics B 31, pag.: 3885–91. DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/31/17/013.
↑ Tang, R.; Fu, X.; Lu, Y.; Ning, C. (2020). Accurate electron affinity of Ga and fine structures of its anions. J. Chem. Phys. 152 (11), pag.: 114303. PMID: 32199425. DOI: 10.1063/1.5144962.
↑ Bresteau, D.; Babilotte, Ph.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2015). Intra-cavity photodetachment microscopy and the electron affinity of germanium. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48 (12), pag.: 125001. DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/48/12/125001.
↑ ^a ^b Vandevraye, M.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2012). Electron affinity of selenium measured by photodetachment microscopy. Phys. Rev. A 85 (1), pag.: 015401. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.85.015401.
↑ Frey, P.; Breyer, F.; Hotop, H. (1978). High Resolution Photodetachment from the Rubidium Negative Ion around the Rb(5p_1/2) Threshold. Journal of Physics BJ. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys. Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics 11, pag.: L589–94. DOI: 10.1088/0022-3700/11/19/005.
↑ Andersen, H.H.; Petrunin, V.V.; Kristensen, P.; Andersen, T. (1997). Structural properties of the negative strontium ion: Binding energy and fine-structure splitting. Phys. Rev. A 55 (4), pag.: 3247–49. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.55.3247.
↑ Fu, X.; Li, J.; Luo, Z.; Chen, X.; Ning, C. (2017). Precision measurement of electron affinity of Zr and fine structures of its negative ions. Journal of Chemical Physics J. Chem. Phys. The Journal of Chemical Physics 147 (6), pag.: 064306. PMID: 28810756. DOI: 10.1063/1.4986547.
↑ Luo Z., Chen X., Li J. & Ning C. (2016). Precision measurement of the electron affinity of niobium. Phys. Rev. A 93, 020501(R) DOI:10.1103/PhysRevA.93.020501
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 92nd Edn. (2011–2012); W. M. Haynes. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. "Section 10, Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics; Electron Affinities".
↑ Walter, C.W.; Gibson, N.D.; Carman, D.J.; Li, Y.-G.; Matyas, D.J. (2010). Electron affinity of indium and the fine structure of In⁻ measured using infrared photodetachment threshold spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. A 82 (3), pag.: 032507. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.82.032507.
↑ Vandevraye, M.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2013). Electron affinity of tin measured by photodetachment microscopy. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 46 (12), pag.: 125002. DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/46/12/125002.
↑ Scheer, M.; Haugen, H.K.; Beck, D.R. (1997). Single- and Multiphoton Infrared Laser Spectroscopy of Sb⁻: A Case Study. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 (21), pag.: 4104–7. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.4104.
↑ Haeffler, G.; Klinkmüller, A.E.; Rangell, J.; Berzinsh, U.; Hanstorp, D. (1996). The electron affinity of tellurium. Z. Phys. D 38 (3), pag.: 211. DOI: 10.1007/s004600050085.
↑ Peláez, R.J.; Blondel, C.; Delsart, C.; Drag, C. (2009). Pulsed photodetachment microscopy and the electron affinity of iodine. J. Phys. B 42 (12), pag.: 125001. DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/42/12/125001.
↑ Rothe, S.; Sundberg, J.; Welander, J.; Chrysalidis, K.; Goodacre, T. (2017). D., Fedosseev V., ... & Kron T. (2017). Laser photodetachment of radioactive ¹²⁸I⁻.. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 44, pag.: 104003. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6471/aa80aa.
↑ Navarro Navarrete, José E.; Nichols, Miranda; Ringvall-Moberg, Annie; Welander, Jakob; Lu, Di; Leimbach, David; Kristiansson, Moa K.; Eklund, Gustav; Raveesh, Meena; Chulkov, Ruslan; Zhaunerchyk, Vitali; Hanstorp, Dag (21 februari 2024). High-resolution measurement of the electron affinity of cesium. Physical Review A 109 (2). ISSN: 2469-9926. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.109.022812.
↑ Petrunin, V.V.; Volstad, J.D.; Balling, P.; Kristensen, K.; Andersen, T. (1995). Resonant Ionization Spectroscopy of Ba⁻: Metastable and Stable Ions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 (10), pag.: 1911–14. PMID: 10059160. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1911.
↑ Blondel, C. (2020). Comment on "Measurement of the electron affinity of the lanthanum atom". Phys. Rev. A 101 (1), pag.: 016501. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.101.016501.
↑ Fu, X.-X.; Tang, R.-L.; Lu, Y.-Z.; Ning, C.-G. (2020). Accurate electron affinity of atomic cerium and excited states of its anion. Chin. Phys. B 29 (7), pag.: 073201. DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab90e9.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Fu, X.; Lu, Y.; Tang, R.; Ning, C. (2020). Electron affinity measurements of lanthanide atoms: Pr, Nd, and Tb. Phys. Rev. A 101 (2), pag.: 022502. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.101.022502.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Felfli, Z.; Msezane, A.; Sokolovski, D. (2009). Resonances in low-energy electron elastic cross sections for lanthanide atoms. Phys. Rev. A 79 (1), pag.: 012714. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.79.012714.
↑ ^a ^b Cheng, S.B.; Castleman, A. W. Jr (2015). Direct experimental observation of weakly-bound character of the attached electron in europium anion. Sci. Rep. 5, pag.: 12414. PMID: 26198741. PMC: 4510523. DOI: 10.1038/srep12414.
↑ Nadeau, M. J.; Garwan, M. A.; Zhao, X. L.; Litherland, A. E. (1997). A negative ion survey; towards the completion of the periodic table of the negative ions. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 123 (1–4), pag.: 521–526. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-583X(96)00749-5.
↑ Davis, V.T.; Thompson, J.S. (2001). Measurement of the electron affinity of thulium. Phys. Rev. A 65 (1), pag.: 010501. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.65.010501.
↑ Fu, X.X.; Tang, R.L.; Lu, Y.Z.; Ning, C.G. (2019). Measurement of electron affinity of atomic lutetium via the cryo-SEVI Method. Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics 32 (2), pag.: 187. DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp1812293.
↑ Tang R., Chen X., Fu X., Wang H. and Ning C. (2018). Electron affinity of the hafnium atom. Phys. Rev. A 98 020501(R) DOI:10.1103/PhysRevA.98.020501.
↑ Chen, X.L.; Ning, C.G. (2017). Observation of Rhenium Anion and Electron Affinity of Re.. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 8 (12), pag.: 2735–2738. PMID: 28581753. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01079.
↑ Lu Y., Zhao J., Tang R., Fu X. & Ning C. (2020). "Measurement of electron affinity of iridium atom and photoelectron angular distributions of iridium anion". J. Chem. Phys. 152, 034302 DOI:10.1063/1.5134535
↑ Bilodeau, R.C.; Scheer, M.; Haugen, H.K.; Brooks, R.L. (1999). Near-threshold Laser Spectroscopy of Iridium and Platinum Negative Ions: Electron Affinities and the Threshold Law. Phys. Rev. A 61 (1), pag.: 012505. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.61.012505.
↑ Andersen, T.; Haugen, H.K.; Hotop, H. (1999). Binding Energies in Atomic Negative Ions: III. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28 (6), pag.: 1511. DOI: 10.1063/1.556047.
↑ Walter, C.W.; Gibson, N.D.; Spielman, S.E. (2020). Electron affinity of thallium measured with threshold spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. A 101 (5), pag.: 052511. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.101.052511.
↑ Bresteau, D.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2019). Electron affinity of lead. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 52 (6), pag.: 065001. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6455/aaf685.
↑ Bilodeau, R.C.; Haugen, H.K. (2001). Electron affinity of Bi using infrared laser photodetachment threshold spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. A 64 (2), pag.: 024501. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.64.024501.
↑ Junqin, Li; Zilong, Zhao; Martin, Andersson; Xuemei, Zhang; Chongyang, Chen (2012). Theoretical study for the electron affinities of negative ions with the MCDHF method. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 45 (16), pag.: 165004. DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/45/16/165004.
↑ Leimbach, D. (2020). The electron affinity of astatine. Nat. Commun. 11 (1), pag.: 3824. PMID: 32733029. PMC: 7393155. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17599-2.
↑ ^a ^b Landau, A.; Eliav, E.; Ishikawa, Y.; Kaldor, U. (2001). Benchmark calculations of electron affinities of the alkali atoms sodium to eka-francium (element 119). J. Chem. Phys. 115 (6), pag.: 2389. DOI: 10.1063/1.1386413.
↑ Andersen, T. (2004). Atomic negative ions: Structure, dynamics and collisions. Physics Reports 394 (4–5), pag.: 157–313. DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2004.01.001.
↑ Tang R., Si R., Fei Z., Fu X., Lu Y., Brage T., Liu H., Chen C. & Ning C. (2019). "Candidate for Laser Cooling of a Negative Ion: High-Resolution Photoelectron Imaging of Th⁻". Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 203002 DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.203002
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Guo, Y.; Whitehead, M.A. (1989). Electron affinities of alkaline-earth element calculated with the local-spin-density-functional theory.. Physical Review A 40 (1), pag.: 28–34. PMID: 9901864. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.40.28.
↑ Tang R., Lu Y., Liu H. & Ning C. (2021). "Electron affinity of uranium and bound states of opposite parity in its anion". Phys. Rev. A 103, L050801 DOI:10.1103/PhysRevA.103.L050801
↑ Eliav, Ephraim; Fritzsche, Stephan; Kaldor, Uzi (2015). Electronic structure theory of the superheavy elements. Nucl. Phys. A 944, pag.: 518–550. DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.017.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Fully relativistic ab initio studies of superheavy elements. www.kernchemie.uni-mainz.de. Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. Gearchiveerd op 15 January 2018. Geraadpleegd op 15 January 2018.
↑ Guo, Yangyang, Pašteka, Lukáš F., Eliav, Ephraim, Borschevsky, Anastasia (2021). Advances in Quantum Chemistry, "Chapter 5: Ionization potentials and electron affinity of oganesson with relativistic coupled cluster method", 107–123. ISBN 978-0-12-823546-1.
↑ Borschevsky, A., Pershina, V., Eliav, E., Kaldor, U. (2013). Ab initio predictions of atomic properties of element 120 and its lighter group-2 homologues. Phys. Rev. A 87 (2): 022502–1–8. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.87.022502.
↑ Rienstra-Kiracofe, J.C.; Tschumper, G.S.; Schaefer, H.F.; Nandi, S.; Ellison, G.B. (2002). Atomic and molecular electron affinities: Photoelectron experiments and theoretical computations. Chem. Rev. 102 (1), pag.: 231–282. PMID: 11782134. DOI: 10.1021/cr990044u.
↑ Goldfarb, F.; Drag, C.; Chaibi, W.; Kröger, S.; Blondel, C.; Delsart, C. (2005). Photodetachment microscopy of the P, Q, and R branches of the OH⁻(v=0) to OH(v=0) detachment threshold. J. Chem. Phys. 122 (1), pag.: 014308. PMID: 15638660. DOI: 10.1063/1.1824904.
↑ Schulz, P.A.; Mead, R.D.; Jones, P.L.; Lineberger, W.C. (1982). OH⁻ and OD⁻ threshold photodetachment. J. Chem. Phys. 77 (3), pag.: 1153. DOI: 10.1063/1.443980.
↑ Ervin, K.M.; Lineberger, W.C. (1991). Photoelectron spectra of ${\ce {C_2^{-}}}$ and ${\ce {C2H^{-}}}$ . J. Phys. Chem. 95 (3), pag.: 1167. DOI: 10.1021/j100156a026.
↑ Bradforth, Stephen E.; Kim, Eun Ha; Arnold, Don W.; Neumark, Daniel M. (15 januari 1993). Photoelectron spectroscopy of CN−, NCO−, and NCS−. The Journal of Chemical Physics 98 (2), pag.: 800–810 (AIP Publishing). ISSN: 0021-9606. DOI: 10.1063/1.464244.
↑ Wenthold, P.G.; Kim, J.B.; Jonas, K.-L.; Lineberger, W.C. (1997). An Experimental and Computational Study of the Electron Affinity of Boron Oxide. J. Phys. Chem. A 101 (24), pag.: 4472. DOI: 10.1021/jp970645u.
↑ Travers, M.J.; Cowles, D.C.; Ellison, G.B. (1989). Reinvestigation of the electron affinities of O₂ and NO. Chem. Phys. Lett. 164 (5), pag.: 449. DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(89)85237-6.
↑ Schiedt, J.; Weinkauf, R. (1995). Spin-orbit coupling in the ${\ce {O2^{-}}}$ anion. Z. Naturforsch. A 50 (11), pag.: 1041. DOI: 10.1515/zna-1995-1110.
↑ Chaibi, W.; Delsart, C.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2006). High precision measurement of the ³²SH electron affinity by laser detachment microscopy. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 239 (1), pag.: 11. DOI: 10.1016/j.jms.2006.05.012.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Janousek, Bruce K.; Brauman, John I. (1979). Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, Electron affinities 2, pag.: 53 (Academic Press).
↑ Miller, T.M.; Leopold, D.G.; Murray, K.K.; Lineberger, W.C. (1986). Electron affinities of the alkali halides and the structure of their negative ions. J. Chem. Phys. 85 (5), pag.: 2368. DOI: 10.1063/1.451091.
↑ Kim, J.B.; Weichman, M.L.; Neumark, D.M. (2015). Low-lying states of FeO and FeO⁻ by slow photoelectron spectroscopy. Mol. Phys. 113 (15–16), pag.: 2105. DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2015.1005706.
↑ Sheps, L.; Miller, E.M.; Lineberger, W.C. (2009). Photoelectron spectroscopy of small IBr⁻(CO₂)_n(n=0–3) cluster anions. J. Chem. Phys. 131 (6), pag.: 064304. PMID: 19691385. DOI: 10.1063/1.3200941.
↑ Zanni, M.T.; Taylor, T.R.; Greenblatt, B.J.; Soep, B.; Neumark, D.M. (1997). Characterization of the ${\ce {I2^{-}}}$ anion ground state using conventional and femtosecond photoelectron spectroscopy. J. Chem. Phys. 107 (19), pag.: 7613. DOI: 10.1063/1.475110.
↑ Ervin, K.M.; Ho, J.; Lineberger, W.C. (1988). Ultraviolet photoelectron spectrum of nitrite anion. J. Phys. Chem. 92 (19), pag.: 5405. DOI: 10.1021/j100330a017.
↑ Novick, S.E.; Engelking, P.C.; Jones, P.L.; Futrell, J.H.; Lineberger, W.C. (1979). Laser photoelectron, photodetachment, and photodestruction spectra of O₃. J. Chem. Phys. 70 (6), pag.: 2652. DOI: 10.1063/1.437842.
↑ Nimlos, Mark R.; Ellison, G. Barney (1986). Photoelectron spectroscopy of sulfur-containing anions ${\ce {SO2^{-}}}$ , ${\ce {S3^{-}}}$ and ${\ce {S2O^{-}}}$ ). J. Phys. Chem. 90 (12), pag.: 2574. DOI: 10.1021/j100403a007.
↑ Mead, R.D.; Lykke, K.R.; Lineberger, W.C.; Marks, J.; Brauman, J.I. (1984). Spectroscopy and dynamics of the dipole-bound state of acetaldehyde enolate. J. Chem. Phys. 81 (11), pag.: 4883. DOI: 10.1063/1.447515., gevonden via: Rienstra-Kiracofe, J.C.; Tschumper, G.S.; Schaefer, H.F.; Nandi, S.; Ellison, G.B. (2002). Atomic and molecular electron affinities: Photoelectron experiments and theoretical computations. Chem. Rev. 102 (1), pag.: 231–282. PMID: 11782134. DOI: 10.1021/cr990044u.
↑ Ruoff, R.S.; Kadish, K.M.; Boulas, P.; Chen, E.C.M. (1995). Relationship between the Electron Affinities and Half-Wave Reduction Potentials of Fullerenes, Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Metal Complexes. J. Phys. Chem. 99 (21), pag.: 8843. DOI: 10.1021/j100021a060.
↑ Schiedt, J.; Weinkauf, R. (1999). Resonant photodetachment via shape and Feshbach resonances: p-benzoquinone anions as a model system. J. Chem. Phys. 110 (1), pag.: 304. DOI: 10.1063/1.478066.
↑ Page, F. M.; Goode, G. C. (1969). Negative ions and the magnetron (John Wiley & Sons). NB.: According to NIST as concerns Boron trifluoride, the Magnetron method, lacking mass analysis, is not considered reliable.
↑ Adams, C.L.; Schneider, H.; Ervin, K.M.; Weber, J.M. (2009). Low-energy photoelectron imaging spectroscopy of nitromethane anions: Electron affinity, vibrational features, anisotropies, and the dipole-bound state. J. Chem. Phys. 130 (7), pag.: 074307. PMID: 19239294. DOI: 10.1063/1.3076892.
↑ Mathur, B.P.; Rothe, E.W.; Tang, S.Y.; Reck, G.P. (1976). Negative ions from phosphorus halides due to cesium charge exchange. J. Chem. Phys. 65 (2), pag.: 565. DOI: 10.1063/1.433109.
↑ Troe, J.; Miller, T.M.; Viggiano, A.A. (2012). Communication:Revised electron affinity of SF₆ from kinetic data. J. Chem. Phys. 136 (2), pag.: 121102. PMID: 22462826. DOI: 10.1063/1.3698170.
↑ Chowdhury, S.; Kebarle, P. (1986). Electron affinities of di- and tetracyanoethylene and cyanobenzenes based on measurements of gas-phase electron-transfer equilibria. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108 (18), pag.: 5453. DOI: 10.1021/ja00278a014.
↑ George, P.M.; Beauchamp, J.L. (1979). The electron and fluoride affinities of tungsten hexafluoride by ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy. Chem. Phys. 36 (3), pag.: 345. DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(79)85018-1.
↑ NIST chemistry webbook, gevonden via: Borshchevskii, A.Ya.; Boltalina, O.V.; Sorokin, I.D.; Sidorov, L.N. (1988). Thermochemical quantities for gas-phase iron, uranium, and molybdenum fluorides, and their negative ions. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 20 (5), pag.: 523. DOI: 10.1016/0021-9614(88)90080-8.
↑ Huang, Dao-Ling; Dau, Phuong Diem; Liu, Hong-Tao; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2014). High-resolution photoelectron imaging of cold ${\ce {C60^{-}}}$ anions and accurate determination of the electron affinity of C₆₀. J. Chem. Phys. 140 (22), pag.: 224315. PMID: 24929396. DOI: 10.1063/1.4881421.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Rayner-Canham Appendix 5: Data summarised from, and see also, J. E. Huheey et al., Inorganic Chemistry, 4th ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1993) [1]

[BlondelAs-1] Blondel, C.; Drag, C. (2025). Quantum Offset of Velocity Imaging-Based Electron Spectrometry and the Electron Affinity of Arsenic. Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, pag.: 043001. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.043001.

[LykkeH-2] Lykke, K.R.; Murray, K.K.; Lineberger, W.C. (1991). Threshold Photodetachment of H⁻. Phys. Rev. A 43 (11), pag.: 6104–7. PMID: 9904944. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.43.6104.

[BeyerD-3] Beyer M. & Merkt F. (2018). "Communication: Heavy-Rydberg states of HD and the electron affinity of the deuterium atom". J. Chem. Phys. 149, 031102 DOI:10.1063/1.5043186

[Bratsch-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Bratsch, S.G.; Lagowski, J.J. (1986). Predicted stabilities of monatomic anions in water and liquid ammonia at 298.15 K.. Polyhedron 5 (11), pag.: 1763–1770. DOI: 10.1016/S0277-5387(00)84854-8.

[HaefflerLi-5] Haeffler, G.; Hanstorp, D.; Kiyan, I.; Klinkmüller, A.E.; Ljungblad, U.; Pegg, D.J. (1996). Electron affinity of Li: A state-selective measurement. Phys. Rev. A 53 (6), pag.: 4127–31. PMID: 9913377. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.53.4127.

[ScheerBCs-6] Scheer, M.; Bilodeau, R.C.; Haugen, H.K. (1998). Negative ion of boron: An experimental study of the ³P ground state. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (12), pag.: 2562–65. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.2562.

[BresteauC-7] Bresteau, D.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2016). Isotope shift of the electron affinity of carbon measured by photodetachment microscopy. Phys. Rev. A 93 (1), pag.: 013414. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.93.013414.

[Kristiansson-8] Kristiansson, M.K.; Chartkunchand, K.; Eklund, G. (2022). High-precision electron affinity of oxygen. Nat Commun 13 (1), pag.: 5906. PMID: 36207329. PMC: 9546871. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33438-y.

[BlondelO-9] Blondel, C.; Delsart, C.; Valli, C.; Yiou, S.; Godefroid, M.R.; Van Eck, S. (2001). Electron affinities of ¹⁶ O, ¹⁷ O, ¹⁸ O, the fine structure of ¹⁶O⁻, and the hyperfine structure of ¹⁷O⁻.. Phys. Rev. A 64 (5), pag.: 052504. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.64.052504.

[BlondelFBR-10] Blondel, C.; Cacciani, P.; Delsart, C.; Trainham, R. (1989). High Resolution Determination of the Electron Affinity of Fluorine and Bromine using Crossed Ion and Laser Beams. Phys. Rev. A 40 (7), pag.: 3698–3701. PMID: 9902584. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.40.3698.

[BlondelFSi-11] Blondel, C.; Delsart, C.; Goldfarb, F. (2001). Electron spectrometry at the μeV level and the electron affinities of Si and F. Journal of Physics B 34, pag.: L281–88. DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/34/9/101.

[Hotop85-12] Hotop, H.; Lineberger, W.C. (1985). Binding energies in atomic negative ions. II. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14 (3), pag.: 731. DOI: 10.1063/1.555735.

[ScheerAl-13] Scheer, M.; Bilodeau, R.C.; Thøgersen, J.; Haugen, H.K. (1998). Threshold Photodetachment of Al⁻: Electron Affinity and Fine Structure. Phys. Rev. A 57 (3), pag.: R1493–96. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.57.R1493.

[Chaibi-14] Chaibi, W.; Peláez, R.J.; Blondel, C.; Drag, C.; Delsart, C. (2010). Effect of a magnetic field in photodetachment microscopy. Eur. Phys. J. D 58 (1), pag.: 29. DOI: 10.1140/epjd/e2010-00086-7.

[PelaezP-15] Peláez, R.J., Blondel, C., Vandevraye, M., Drag, C., Delsart, C. (2011). Photodetachment microscopy to an excited spectral term and the electron affinity of phosphorus. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44 (19). DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/44/19/195009.

[Carette-16] Carette, T.; Drag, C.; Scharf, O.; Blondel, C.; Delsart, C.; Fischer, C. (2000). F. & Godefroid M. (2010). Isotope shift in the sulfur electron affinity: Observation and theory. Phys. Rev. A 81, pag.: 042522. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.81.042522.

[BerzinshCl-17] Berzinsh, U.; Gustafsson, M.; Hanstorp, D.; Klinkmüller, A.; Ljungblad, U.; Martensson-Pendrill, A.M. (1995). Isotope shift in the electron affinity of chlorine. Phys. Rev. A 51 (1), pag.: 231–238. PMID: 9911578. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.51.231.

[AnderssonK-18] Andersson, K.T.; Sandstrom, J.; Kiyan, I.Y.; Hanstorp, D.; Pegg, D.J. (2000). Measurement of the electron affinity of potassium. Phys. Rev. A 62 (2), pag.: 022503. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.62.022503.

[PetruninCa-19] Petrunin, V.V.; Andersen, H.H.; Balling, P.; Andersen, T. (1996). Structural Properties of the Negative Calcium Ion: Binding Energies and Fine-structure Splitting. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (5), pag.: 744–47. PMID: 10061539. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.744.

[NingLu-20] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Ning, Chuangang; Lu, Yuzhu (2022). Electron Affinities of Atoms and Structures of Atomic Negative Ions. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 51 (2), pag.: 021502. DOI: 10.1063/5.0080243.

[TangTi-21] Tang, R.; Fu, X.; Ning, C. (2018). Accurate electron affinity of Ti and fine structures of its anions. J. Chem. Phys. 149 (13), pag.: 134304. PMID: 30292212. DOI: 10.1063/1.5049629.

[LuV-22] Fu, X.; Luo, Z.; Chen, X.; Li, J.; Ning, C. (2016). Accurate electron affinity of V and fine-structure splittings of V⁻ via slow-electron velocity-map imaging. J. Chem. Phys. 145 (16), pag.: 164307. PMID: 27802620. DOI: 10.1063/1.4965928.

[ChenFe-23] Chen, X.; Luo, Z.; Li, J.; Ning, C. (2016). Accurate Electron Affinity of Iron and Fine Structures of Negative Iron ions. Sci. Rep. 6, pag.: 24996. PMID: 27138292. PMC: 4853736. DOI: 10.1038/srep24996.

[ChenCo-24] Chen, X.; Ning, C. (2016). Accurate electron affinity of Co and fine-structure splittings of Co⁻ via slow-electron velocity-map imaging. Phys. Rev. A 93 (5), pag.: 052508. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.93.052508.

[ScheerCoNiRhPd-25] Scheer, M.; Brodie, C.A.; Bilodeau, R.C.; Haugen, H.K. (1998). Laser spectroscopic measurements of binding energies and fine-structure splittings of Co⁻, Ni⁻, Rh⁻, and Pd⁻.. Phys. Rev. A 58 (3), pag.: 2051–62. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.58.2051.

[BilodeauCrCuMoAg-26] Bilodeau, R.C.; Scheer, M.; Haugen, H.K. (1998). Infrared Laser Photodetachment of Transition Metal Negative Ions: Studies on Cr⁻, Mo⁻, Cu⁻, and Ag⁻. Journal of Physics B 31, pag.: 3885–91. DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/31/17/013.

[TangGa-27] Tang, R.; Fu, X.; Lu, Y.; Ning, C. (2020). Accurate electron affinity of Ga and fine structures of its anions. J. Chem. Phys. 152 (11), pag.: 114303. PMID: 32199425. DOI: 10.1063/1.5144962.

[BresteauGe-28] Bresteau, D.; Babilotte, Ph.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2015). Intra-cavity photodetachment microscopy and the electron affinity of germanium. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48 (12), pag.: 125001. DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/48/12/125001.

[VandevrayeSe-29] Vandevraye, M.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2012). Electron affinity of selenium measured by photodetachment microscopy. Phys. Rev. A 85 (1), pag.: 015401. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.85.015401.

[FreyRb-30] Frey, P.; Breyer, F.; Hotop, H. (1978). High Resolution Photodetachment from the Rubidium Negative Ion around the Rb(5p_1/2) Threshold. Journal of Physics BJ. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys. Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics 11, pag.: L589–94. DOI: 10.1088/0022-3700/11/19/005.

[AndersenSr-31] Andersen, H.H.; Petrunin, V.V.; Kristensen, P.; Andersen, T. (1997). Structural properties of the negative strontium ion: Binding energy and fine-structure splitting. Phys. Rev. A 55 (4), pag.: 3247–49. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.55.3247.

[FuZr-32] Fu, X.; Li, J.; Luo, Z.; Chen, X.; Ning, C. (2017). Precision measurement of electron affinity of Zr and fine structures of its negative ions. Journal of Chemical Physics J. Chem. Phys. The Journal of Chemical Physics 147 (6), pag.: 064306. PMID: 28810756. DOI: 10.1063/1.4986547.

[LuoNb-33] Luo Z., Chen X., Li J. & Ning C. (2016). Precision measurement of the electron affinity of niobium. Phys. Rev. A 93, 020501(R) DOI:10.1103/PhysRevA.93.020501

[Haynes-34] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 92nd Edn. (2011–2012); W. M. Haynes. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. "Section 10, Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics; Electron Affinities".

[WalterIn-35] Walter, C.W.; Gibson, N.D.; Carman, D.J.; Li, Y.-G.; Matyas, D.J. (2010). Electron affinity of indium and the fine structure of In⁻ measured using infrared photodetachment threshold spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. A 82 (3), pag.: 032507. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.82.032507.

[VandevrayeSn-36] Vandevraye, M.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2013). Electron affinity of tin measured by photodetachment microscopy. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 46 (12), pag.: 125002. DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/46/12/125002.

[ScheerSb-37] Scheer, M.; Haugen, H.K.; Beck, D.R. (1997). Single- and Multiphoton Infrared Laser Spectroscopy of Sb⁻: A Case Study. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 (21), pag.: 4104–7. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.4104.

[HaefflerTe-38] Haeffler, G.; Klinkmüller, A.E.; Rangell, J.; Berzinsh, U.; Hanstorp, D. (1996). The electron affinity of tellurium. Z. Phys. D 38 (3), pag.: 211. DOI: 10.1007/s004600050085.

[PelaezIo-39] Peláez, R.J.; Blondel, C.; Delsart, C.; Drag, C. (2009). Pulsed photodetachment microscopy and the electron affinity of iodine. J. Phys. B 42 (12), pag.: 125001. DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/42/12/125001.

[RotheI-40] Rothe, S.; Sundberg, J.; Welander, J.; Chrysalidis, K.; Goodacre, T. (2017). D., Fedosseev V., ... & Kron T. (2017). Laser photodetachment of radioactive ¹²⁸I⁻.. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 44, pag.: 104003. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6471/aa80aa.

[41] Navarro Navarrete, José E.; Nichols, Miranda; Ringvall-Moberg, Annie; Welander, Jakob; Lu, Di; Leimbach, David; Kristiansson, Moa K.; Eklund, Gustav; Raveesh, Meena; Chulkov, Ruslan; Zhaunerchyk, Vitali; Hanstorp, Dag (21 februari 2024). High-resolution measurement of the electron affinity of cesium. Physical Review A 109 (2). ISSN: 2469-9926. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.109.022812.

[PetruninBa-42] Petrunin, V.V.; Volstad, J.D.; Balling, P.; Kristensen, K.; Andersen, T. (1995). Resonant Ionization Spectroscopy of Ba⁻: Metastable and Stable Ions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 (10), pag.: 1911–14. PMID: 10059160. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1911.

[BlondelLa-43] Blondel, C. (2020). Comment on "Measurement of the electron affinity of the lanthanum atom". Phys. Rev. A 101 (1), pag.: 016501. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.101.016501.

[FuCe-44] Fu, X.-X.; Tang, R.-L.; Lu, Y.-Z.; Ning, C.-G. (2020). Accurate electron affinity of atomic cerium and excited states of its anion. Chin. Phys. B 29 (7), pag.: 073201. DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab90e9.

[FuPrNdTb-45] Fu, X.; Lu, Y.; Tang, R.; Ning, C. (2020). Electron affinity measurements of lanthanide atoms: Pr, Nd, and Tb. Phys. Rev. A 101 (2), pag.: 022502. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.101.022502.

[Felfli-46] Felfli, Z.; Msezane, A.; Sokolovski, D. (2009). Resonances in low-energy electron elastic cross sections for lanthanide atoms. Phys. Rev. A 79 (1), pag.: 012714. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.79.012714.

[ChengEu-47] Cheng, S.B.; Castleman, A. W. Jr (2015). Direct experimental observation of weakly-bound character of the attached electron in europium anion. Sci. Rep. 5, pag.: 12414. PMID: 26198741. PMC: 4510523. DOI: 10.1038/srep12414.

[Nadeau97-48] Nadeau, M. J.; Garwan, M. A.; Zhao, X. L.; Litherland, A. E. (1997). A negative ion survey; towards the completion of the periodic table of the negative ions. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 123 (1–4), pag.: 521–526. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-583X(96)00749-5.

[DavisTm-49] Davis, V.T.; Thompson, J.S. (2001). Measurement of the electron affinity of thulium. Phys. Rev. A 65 (1), pag.: 010501. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.65.010501.

[FuLu-50] Fu, X.X.; Tang, R.L.; Lu, Y.Z.; Ning, C.G. (2019). Measurement of electron affinity of atomic lutetium via the cryo-SEVI Method. Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics 32 (2), pag.: 187. DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp1812293.

[TangHf-51] Tang R., Chen X., Fu X., Wang H. and Ning C. (2018). Electron affinity of the hafnium atom. Phys. Rev. A 98 020501(R) DOI:10.1103/PhysRevA.98.020501.

[ChenRe-52] Chen, X.L.; Ning, C.G. (2017). Observation of Rhenium Anion and Electron Affinity of Re.. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 8 (12), pag.: 2735–2738. PMID: 28581753. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01079.

[LuIr-53] Lu Y., Zhao J., Tang R., Fu X. & Ning C. (2020). "Measurement of electron affinity of iridium atom and photoelectron angular distributions of iridium anion". J. Chem. Phys. 152, 034302 DOI:10.1063/1.5134535

[BilodeauIrPt-54] Bilodeau, R.C.; Scheer, M.; Haugen, H.K.; Brooks, R.L. (1999). Near-threshold Laser Spectroscopy of Iridium and Platinum Negative Ions: Electron Affinities and the Threshold Law. Phys. Rev. A 61 (1), pag.: 012505. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.61.012505.

[AndersenAu-55] Andersen, T.; Haugen, H.K.; Hotop, H. (1999). Binding Energies in Atomic Negative Ions: III. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28 (6), pag.: 1511. DOI: 10.1063/1.556047.

[WalterTh-56] Walter, C.W.; Gibson, N.D.; Spielman, S.E. (2020). Electron affinity of thallium measured with threshold spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. A 101 (5), pag.: 052511. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.101.052511.

[BresteauPb-57] Bresteau, D.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2019). Electron affinity of lead. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 52 (6), pag.: 065001. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6455/aaf685.

[BilodeauBi-58] Bilodeau, R.C.; Haugen, H.K. (2001). Electron affinity of Bi using infrared laser photodetachment threshold spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. A 64 (2), pag.: 024501. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.64.024501.

[LiMCDHF-59] Junqin, Li; Zilong, Zhao; Martin, Andersson; Xuemei, Zhang; Chongyang, Chen (2012). Theoretical study for the electron affinities of negative ions with the MCDHF method. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 45 (16), pag.: 165004. DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/45/16/165004.

[LeimbachAt-60] Leimbach, D. (2020). The electron affinity of astatine. Nat. Commun. 11 (1), pag.: 3824. PMID: 32733029. PMC: 7393155. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17599-2.

[Landaualkalis-61] Landau, A.; Eliav, E.; Ishikawa, Y.; Kaldor, U. (2001). Benchmark calculations of electron affinities of the alkali atoms sodium to eka-francium (element 119). J. Chem. Phys. 115 (6), pag.: 2389. DOI: 10.1063/1.1386413.

[AndersenReview-62] Andersen, T. (2004). Atomic negative ions: Structure, dynamics and collisions. Physics Reports 394 (4–5), pag.: 157–313. DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2004.01.001.

[TangTh-63] Tang R., Si R., Fei Z., Fu X., Lu Y., Brage T., Liu H., Chen C. & Ning C. (2019). "Candidate for Laser Cooling of a Negative Ion: High-Resolution Photoelectron Imaging of Th⁻". Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 203002 DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.203002

[Guo-64] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Guo, Y.; Whitehead, M.A. (1989). Electron affinities of alkaline-earth element calculated with the local-spin-density-functional theory.. Physical Review A 40 (1), pag.: 28–34. PMID: 9901864. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.40.28.

[TangU-65] Tang R., Lu Y., Liu H. & Ning C. (2021). "Electron affinity of uranium and bound states of opposite parity in its anion". Phys. Rev. A 103, L050801 DOI:10.1103/PhysRevA.103.L050801

[EliavRg-66] Eliav, Ephraim; Fritzsche, Stephan; Kaldor, Uzi (2015). Electronic structure theory of the superheavy elements. Nucl. Phys. A 944, pag.: 518–550. DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.017.

[Borschevsky-67] Fully relativistic ab initio studies of superheavy elements. www.kernchemie.uni-mainz.de. Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. Gearchiveerd op 15 January 2018. Geraadpleegd op 15 January 2018.

[IPEA-68] Guo, Yangyang, Pašteka, Lukáš F., Eliav, Ephraim, Borschevsky, Anastasia (2021). Advances in Quantum Chemistry, "Chapter 5: Ionization potentials and electron affinity of oganesson with relativistic coupled cluster method", 107–123. ISBN 978-0-12-823546-1.

[Borschevsky120-69] Borschevsky, A., Pershina, V., Eliav, E., Kaldor, U. (2013). Ab initio predictions of atomic properties of element 120 and its lighter group-2 homologues. Phys. Rev. A 87 (2): 022502–1–8. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.87.022502.

[70] Rienstra-Kiracofe, J.C.; Tschumper, G.S.; Schaefer, H.F.; Nandi, S.; Ellison, G.B. (2002). Atomic and molecular electron affinities: Photoelectron experiments and theoretical computations. Chem. Rev. 102 (1), pag.: 231–282. PMID: 11782134. DOI: 10.1021/cr990044u.

[71] Goldfarb, F.; Drag, C.; Chaibi, W.; Kröger, S.; Blondel, C.; Delsart, C. (2005). Photodetachment microscopy of the P, Q, and R branches of the OH⁻(v=0) to OH(v=0) detachment threshold. J. Chem. Phys. 122 (1), pag.: 014308. PMID: 15638660. DOI: 10.1063/1.1824904.

[72] Schulz, P.A.; Mead, R.D.; Jones, P.L.; Lineberger, W.C. (1982). OH⁻ and OD⁻ threshold photodetachment. J. Chem. Phys. 77 (3), pag.: 1153. DOI: 10.1063/1.443980.

[73] Ervin, K.M.; Lineberger, W.C. (1991). Photoelectron spectra of ${\ce {C_2^{-}}}$ and ${\ce {C2H^{-}}}$ . J. Phys. Chem. 95 (3), pag.: 1167. DOI: 10.1021/j100156a026.

[74] Bradforth, Stephen E.; Kim, Eun Ha; Arnold, Don W.; Neumark, Daniel M. (15 januari 1993). Photoelectron spectroscopy of CN−, NCO−, and NCS−. The Journal of Chemical Physics 98 (2), pag.: 800–810 (AIP Publishing). ISSN: 0021-9606. DOI: 10.1063/1.464244.

[75] Wenthold, P.G.; Kim, J.B.; Jonas, K.-L.; Lineberger, W.C. (1997). An Experimental and Computational Study of the Electron Affinity of Boron Oxide. J. Phys. Chem. A 101 (24), pag.: 4472. DOI: 10.1021/jp970645u.

[76] Travers, M.J.; Cowles, D.C.; Ellison, G.B. (1989). Reinvestigation of the electron affinities of O₂ and NO. Chem. Phys. Lett. 164 (5), pag.: 449. DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(89)85237-6.

[77] Schiedt, J.; Weinkauf, R. (1995). Spin-orbit coupling in the ${\ce {O2^{-}}}$ anion. Z. Naturforsch. A 50 (11), pag.: 1041. DOI: 10.1515/zna-1995-1110.

[78] Chaibi, W.; Delsart, C.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2006). High precision measurement of the ³²SH electron affinity by laser detachment microscopy. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 239 (1), pag.: 11. DOI: 10.1016/j.jms.2006.05.012.

[Janousek1979-79] Janousek, Bruce K.; Brauman, John I. (1979). Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, Electron affinities 2, pag.: 53 (Academic Press).

[80] Miller, T.M.; Leopold, D.G.; Murray, K.K.; Lineberger, W.C. (1986). Electron affinities of the alkali halides and the structure of their negative ions. J. Chem. Phys. 85 (5), pag.: 2368. DOI: 10.1063/1.451091.

[81] Kim, J.B.; Weichman, M.L.; Neumark, D.M. (2015). Low-lying states of FeO and FeO⁻ by slow photoelectron spectroscopy. Mol. Phys. 113 (15–16), pag.: 2105. DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2015.1005706.

[82] Sheps, L.; Miller, E.M.; Lineberger, W.C. (2009). Photoelectron spectroscopy of small IBr⁻(CO₂)_n(n=0–3) cluster anions. J. Chem. Phys. 131 (6), pag.: 064304. PMID: 19691385. DOI: 10.1063/1.3200941.

[83] Zanni, M.T.; Taylor, T.R.; Greenblatt, B.J.; Soep, B.; Neumark, D.M. (1997). Characterization of the ${\ce {I2^{-}}}$ anion ground state using conventional and femtosecond photoelectron spectroscopy. J. Chem. Phys. 107 (19), pag.: 7613. DOI: 10.1063/1.475110.

[84] Ervin, K.M.; Ho, J.; Lineberger, W.C. (1988). Ultraviolet photoelectron spectrum of nitrite anion. J. Phys. Chem. 92 (19), pag.: 5405. DOI: 10.1021/j100330a017.

[85] Novick, S.E.; Engelking, P.C.; Jones, P.L.; Futrell, J.H.; Lineberger, W.C. (1979). Laser photoelectron, photodetachment, and photodestruction spectra of O₃. J. Chem. Phys. 70 (6), pag.: 2652. DOI: 10.1063/1.437842.

[86] Nimlos, Mark R.; Ellison, G. Barney (1986). Photoelectron spectroscopy of sulfur-containing anions ${\ce {SO2^{-}}}$ , ${\ce {S3^{-}}}$ and ${\ce {S2O^{-}}}$ ). J. Phys. Chem. 90 (12), pag.: 2574. DOI: 10.1021/j100403a007.

[87] Mead, R.D.; Lykke, K.R.; Lineberger, W.C.; Marks, J.; Brauman, J.I. (1984). Spectroscopy and dynamics of the dipole-bound state of acetaldehyde enolate. J. Chem. Phys. 81 (11), pag.: 4883. DOI: 10.1063/1.447515., gevonden via: Rienstra-Kiracofe, J.C.; Tschumper, G.S.; Schaefer, H.F.; Nandi, S.; Ellison, G.B. (2002). Atomic and molecular electron affinities: Photoelectron experiments and theoretical computations. Chem. Rev. 102 (1), pag.: 231–282. PMID: 11782134. DOI: 10.1021/cr990044u.

[88] Ruoff, R.S.; Kadish, K.M.; Boulas, P.; Chen, E.C.M. (1995). Relationship between the Electron Affinities and Half-Wave Reduction Potentials of Fullerenes, Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Metal Complexes. J. Phys. Chem. 99 (21), pag.: 8843. DOI: 10.1021/j100021a060.

[Schiedt-Weinkauf-89] Schiedt, J.; Weinkauf, R. (1999). Resonant photodetachment via shape and Feshbach resonances: p-benzoquinone anions as a model system. J. Chem. Phys. 110 (1), pag.: 304. DOI: 10.1063/1.478066.

[90] Page, F. M.; Goode, G. C. (1969). Negative ions and the magnetron (John Wiley & Sons). NB.: According to NIST as concerns Boron trifluoride, the Magnetron method, lacking mass analysis, is not considered reliable.

[91] Adams, C.L.; Schneider, H.; Ervin, K.M.; Weber, J.M. (2009). Low-energy photoelectron imaging spectroscopy of nitromethane anions: Electron affinity, vibrational features, anisotropies, and the dipole-bound state. J. Chem. Phys. 130 (7), pag.: 074307. PMID: 19239294. DOI: 10.1063/1.3076892.

[92] Mathur, B.P.; Rothe, E.W.; Tang, S.Y.; Reck, G.P. (1976). Negative ions from phosphorus halides due to cesium charge exchange. J. Chem. Phys. 65 (2), pag.: 565. DOI: 10.1063/1.433109.

[93] Troe, J.; Miller, T.M.; Viggiano, A.A. (2012). Communication:Revised electron affinity of SF₆ from kinetic data. J. Chem. Phys. 136 (2), pag.: 121102. PMID: 22462826. DOI: 10.1063/1.3698170.

[94] Chowdhury, S.; Kebarle, P. (1986). Electron affinities of di- and tetracyanoethylene and cyanobenzenes based on measurements of gas-phase electron-transfer equilibria. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108 (18), pag.: 5453. DOI: 10.1021/ja00278a014.

[95] George, P.M.; Beauchamp, J.L. (1979). The electron and fluoride affinities of tungsten hexafluoride by ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy. Chem. Phys. 36 (3), pag.: 345. DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(79)85018-1.

[96] NIST chemistry webbook, gevonden via: Borshchevskii, A.Ya.; Boltalina, O.V.; Sorokin, I.D.; Sidorov, L.N. (1988). Thermochemical quantities for gas-phase iron, uranium, and molybdenum fluorides, and their negative ions. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 20 (5), pag.: 523. DOI: 10.1016/0021-9614(88)90080-8.

[97] Huang, Dao-Ling; Dau, Phuong Diem; Liu, Hong-Tao; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2014). High-resolution photoelectron imaging of cold ${\ce {C60^{-}}}$ anions and accurate determination of the electron affinity of C₆₀. J. Chem. Phys. 140 (22), pag.: 224315. PMID: 24929396. DOI: 10.1063/1.4881421.

[Rayner-Canham-98] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Rayner-Canham Appendix 5: Data summarised from, and see also, J. E. Huheey et al., Inorganic Chemistry, 4th ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1993) [1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]