The container only accepts SQL auth and you've locked yourself out by making SQL auth impossible for the only SQL auth account that exists. Kind of a catch-22 because you can't log in to make your password long enough so that you can log in. I wish docker recognized this when you first fire up the run command instead of when it is too late, but this is where we are.
While it may be possible to hack into mssql-conf or the mssql-server service to change the password, honestly, the easiest thing for you to do is to start over with a new container. The nice thing about containers is that this is exactly what they're designed for. Run this:
docker ps
This will list the containers you have created; the one in question might be named something like a5de64..., so then just do:
docker stop a5
docker rm a5
Then create a new container with a password that is both long enough and strong enough:
docker run ... -e SA_PASSWORD=d0_n0t_be_l@zy_h3r3 ... mcr.microsoft...