If you're using just username and password, you can simply add a new filter to the stack, akin to the existing UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter, that would react to a specific URL only (just like the default one reacts to j_spring_security_check only), parse the JSON and create the very same UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken that the default filter creates. This leaves the auth provider the same as the token didn't change.
If you need more fields in addition to username and password, either create a new token type (or use existing one if it makes sense) and a new auth provider that can deal with that token type. You can also just cram extra fields into UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken using setDetails(), but this is a bit hacky.